![]() In this research, Jakobson detected two types of aphasia, which corresponded neatly to the two poles of language. Jakobson's binarism found empirical and clinical support in the studies of aphasia conducted by American psychologist John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911). The structuralist model was enormously influential: Claude Lévi‐Strauss in anthropology, Jean Piaget and Jacques Lacan in psychology, and Roland Barthes in poetics applied the binary paradigm in transforming their respective disciplines and bringing about a methodological shift in all the human and social sciences. Such a model had been anticipated in Sigmund Freud's pairing of condensation and displacement and in James George Frazer's distinction between homeopathic (metaphoric) and contagious (metonymic) magic. Jakobson developed a binary model of language, the two poles of which are the metaphoric and the metonymic. Differences between phonemes arise from the presence or absence of minimal sound units, named “distinctive features.” Thus, phonological systems are to be understood in terms of binary oppositions.īinarism, shown by Jakobson to operate at the irreducibly minimal level of linguistic structure, was taken by researchers in other fields as a paradigm for analysis at higher levels. Where diachronic linguistics takes words to be differentiated according to philological rules, synchronists argue that words are to be distinguished phonetically within the phonological system of a given language. The specific meaning of structuralism, in its original context, was phonological. In 1926, Jakobson was one of the founders of the Prague Linguistic Circle, and it was there, in 1929, that Jakobson coined the word structuralism. His early interest in poetics and the language of poetry led him to move to Prague in 1920 to pursue studies at Charles University. From 1915 to 1920, Jakobson was a leading member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language ( OPOJAZ) based in Saint Petersburg. Karcevskij, who had been a student of Saussure in Geneva. ![]() When he was a student in philology at Moscow University in 1917, Jakobson turned to linguistics after being introduced to the work of Ferdinand de Saussure by Sergej I. ![]() Jakobson's contribution to semiotics developed from his diverse studies of language, phonetics, dialectology, folkloristics, and poetics. Russian‐born linguist, one of the most influential semioticians of the twentieth century.
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